USPS Buffalo Soldiers

USPS on 22 April 1994 issued a commemorative stamp honouring the first African-American soldiers of the U.S. Army, known as 'Buffalo Soldiers', a name Native Americans assigned to them for their tenacity in battle. The cancellation postmark for this first day issue originated from Dallas, Texas.

On 21 September 1866, the 9th and 10th Cavalry units and the 38th, 39th, 40th, and 41st Infantry units (later consolidated as the 24th and 25th Infantry) were formed.  The units were comprised entirely of black soldiers – the first to serve in a peacetime army.  They would come to be known as Buffalo Soldiers.

These two cavalry regiments and four infantry regiments were created by President Andrew Johnson and Congress after freed black slaves had proven their bravery during the Civil War.

For more than 20 years, these courageous men were a valuable part of developing the Great Plains and Southern Plains of the West. Overcoming numerous obstacles, including extreme discrimination and inferior uniforms, military equipment, and horses, these troops developed into remarkable fighting units.

The Buffalo Soldiers patrolled over 7.5-million square acres of land ranging from outposts in Texas to the Dakota territories. They figured prominently in the Indian Wars and strove to make life secure on the strife-ridden frontier of the American West. They fought not only Native Americans, but cattle thieves, bootleggers, and Mexican revolutionaries. Buffalo Soldiers are recognized for playing a key role in “winning” the West.

Paving the way for settlers heading west, these troops also surveyed the land, built railroads, forts, towns, and roads, and escorted stagecoaches, the mail, and wagon trains. Often as difficult to bring down in a fight as the hard-charging buffalo, their Native American opponents dubbed the men “Buffalo Soldiers” – a title they wore with pride.

The regiments were among the most decorated in US military history.  Eighteen black soldiers received the Medal of Honor.  These units also had the lowest desertion rate in the Army from 1867 to 1898.

After the Indian Wars ended, the Buffalo Soldiers continued to serve their country. They participated in the Spanish-American War, fighting in the Battle of San Juan Hill. Buffalo Soldiers were also some of the nation’s first park rangers.

In all, about 500 Buffalo Soldiers worked in Yosemite and nearby Sequoia National Park around the turn of the century. Their duties included removing poachers and timber thieves, stopping illegal grazing, putting out forest fires, constructing roads, trails, and some buildings. They built the first usable road into Giant Forest. These men were some of America’s first park rangers, whose jobs were made much more difficult by lingering racism following the Civil War.

Buffalo Soldiers continued to serve their country and saw combat in both World Wars and the Korean War.  The last units were disbanded in 1951 when the US military stopped segregating troops.

Source: Mystic Stamps

USPS Centenary Anniversary of the Trans-Mississippi

USPS on 18 June 1998 issued a series of 100th anniversary of  the Trans-Mississippi commemoratives.  To publicise this event, a set of nine commemorative stamps was issued. Each was printed in a single color and featured a lithograph/engraving depicting a different western scene.   Banknote Corporation of America printed the stamps. The cancellation postmark originated from Anaheim, California. Shown here with the stamps are the Panda cachets.

The Trans-Mississippi Exposition was held in Omaha, Nebraska, June 1 through November 1, 1898. Its goal was to further the progress and development of resources west of the Mississippi.
 
The original intent for the 1898 issues was to print them in two colours. However, due to the Spanish-American War and the increased demand for revenue stamps, resources were re-allocated and the stamps were printed in one color. The 1998 issues have been printed in two colors, using the only existing original bi-color dies.

 

USPS Centennial Anniversary of the Sinking of the USS Maine

 

USPS on 15 February 1998 issued a 32-cent stamp commemorating the centennial anniversary of the sinking of the USS Maine which lead to the Spanish-American War. It was captioned with the headline "Remember The Maine". The image of the ship comes from an 1898 bandanna. This stamp was the only one issued on the centennial of the Spanish-American War, although the stamp didn't bear any explanation of the USS Maine’s relevance to the war.  

The cancellation postmark for the first day of release was Key West, Florida. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing printed 30,000,000 stamps. Printing Method of this red and black stamp was lithographed and engraved with 11.2 x 11 perforations. The cachet shown her depicts the explosion that took place.

The USS Maine had arrived in Havana, Cuba, in 1898 to serve American interests in the Cuban revolt against Spain. The ship sunk on 15 February 1898, when her forward gunpowder magazines exploded, killing 266 out of 350 crew members. At the time, the American public blamed Spain for the accident, but today the cause of the incident is considered a mystery. A court of inquiry found that the blast was caused by a mine, and many historians think the explosion was the result of spontaneous combustion in a coal bunker.

Subsequently, with the aid of "yellow journalism" propagated by Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer, the USS Maine became the provocation for the U.S. to declare war on Spain two months later. The American press frequently had printed stories exaggerating Spain’s oppression of Cubans. This “yellow journalism”  was used to create more exciting news stories and increase newspaper sales. As a result, many Americans wanted to intervene in the conflict.

Additionally, some Americans wanted the U.S. to become an imperial power and create naval and military bases in Cuba. President William McKinley pressured Spain to give Cuba limited self-rule. This was granted in November 1897. This act only further complicated the conflict, as pro-Spain Cubans began rioting in Havana in protest.

 The situation in Cuba led President McKinley to send the battleship USS Maine to protect American interests. The ship arrived in Havana Harbor on 25 January  1898. On 15 February 1898, the USS Maine mysteriously exploded while moored in Havana Harbor. The American press blamed a Spanish mine, popularising the slogan “Remember the Maine. To hell with Spain!”

On 25 April 1898, America formally declared that a state of war had existed with Spain since 21 April. By August, the Spanish had surrendered.

USPS Bicentennial Anniversary of Sacajawa

USPS on 18 October 1994 issued a bicentennial first day cover stamp in  honour of Sacajawea, a Native-American woman who greatly assisted in the Lewis and Clark Expedition between 1804 and 1806 while traveling in Indian territory. It was postmarked in Tucson, Arizona. Artist Alvin Eckert get created the colour painting printed on cachet. Cover was franked with 29 cent Sacajawea stamp # 2869s (FDOI).

Additionally, this cover includes  SS SACAJAWEA memorial WWII Liberty Ship. The ship cover is one of a group honouring WWII Liberty Ships named for famous Americans. The Liberty Ship named after her was built in Portland, Oregon and delivered on December 29, 1942. The proud vessel transported vital supplies to the US and Allied Forces overseas during WW II. The ship carried post-war commercial cargo until scrapped in 1961.

Sacajawa (or Sacagawea) was famous as a Shoshone woman  born in 1788 and was taken as the non-consenting wife of a Quebecois trapper. She was pregnant with her first child and her son was born during the winter of 1804-1805 in Fort Mandan. When the Lewis and Clark expedition reached the Shoshone tribe, the chief they met was Sacajawea's brother. He provided them with the horses to cross the Rocky Mountains. This story is very long, but the main point is 
that Sacajawea was a very important member of this expedition. 

USPS Bicentennial Anniversary of Lewis & Clark Expedition

USPS in May 2004 issued a series of stamps marking the Bicentennial Anniversary of the Lewis & Clark Expedition.

The Lewis and Clark Expedition from 31 August 1803 till 25 September 1806, also known as the Corps of Discovery Expedition, was the United States expedition to cross the newly acquired western portion of the country after the Louisiana Purchase. The Corps of Discovery was a select group of U.S. Army and civilian volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark. The expedition made its way westward, and crossed the Continental Divide of the Americas before reaching the Pacific Coast.

President Thomas Jefferson commissioned the expedition shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803 to explore and to map the newly acquired territory, to find a practical route across the western half of the continent, and to establish an American presence in this territory before European powers attempted to establish claims in the region. The campaign's secondary objectives were scientific and economic: to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and to establish trade with local Native American tribes. The expedition returned to St. Louis to report its findings to Jefferson, with maps, sketches, and journals in hand.

Source: Wikipedia 

 

USPS Bicentennial Anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase

USPS in 2003 issued a commemorative stamp marking the 200th anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase.

The Louisiana Purchase
In 1803, the United States purchased the Louisiana Territory from France, acquiring more than 800,000 square miles of land extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. The price was about $15 million – a remarkable bargain. In fact, the Louisiana Purchase has been called the greatest real estate deal in history. Thirteen U.S. states were carved from this massive land purchase, including most of Oklahoma (the panhandle area of the state was not acquired until after the Mexican-American War.

 

Historians consider the purchase the most important event of U.S. President Thomas Jefferson’s first administration, if not his presidency. France’s Napoleon Bonaparte sold Louisiana to raise money to support his military ventures in Europe. Jefferson believed the U.S. Constitution did not grant the government power to make such a purchase, and in doing so, felt he had “stretched the Constitution ‘till it cracked.” However, he felt the benefits to the nation outweighed such a violation of the Constitution.
 
In a message to Congress, Jefferson said, “Whilst the property and sovereignty of the Mississippi and its waters secure an independent outlet for the produce of the Western States and an uncontrolled navigation through their whole course... the fertility of the country, its climate and extent, promise in due season important aids to our Treasury, an ample provision for our posterity, and a wide spread for blessings of freedom and equal laws.”

Commerce in the US depended heavily on waterways during the early 1800s.  None was more important to US interests than the mighty Mississippi River and the port city of New Orleans.  Fearful that the US might lose navigational rights along the Mississippi, President Thomas Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert R. Livingston to Paris to negotiate the purchase of New Orleans and its immediate surrounding area.  Jefferson also sent Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours, a French nobleman living in the United States.  He had political connections in France, so Jefferson asked him to help with negotiations.

Monroe and Livingston were prepared to offer $10 million for the port city, but France offered the entire 530-million-acre area for $15 million.  Concerned Napoleon would withdraw the offer at any time, the representatives agreed without consulting the president, and the treaty was signed on April 30, 1803.

The purchase was the American government’s largest financial transaction to date, and it doubled the size of the United States at a cost of less than 3¢ per acre.  Control of the Mississippi River and the port of New Orleans provided a convenient method of transportation necessary for the development of the new region.  The acquisition also distanced France from the young nation, removing the risk that the two like-minded countries would become enemies over conflicting interests.

Correos Espana Honours El Cid Campeador

CORREOS ESPANA in 1962 issued three first day cover stamps of El Cid: profile of him in armour, mounted on his horse and his treasure chest.

Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar was a Spanish knight born in the year 1043, and he is the national hero of Spain. He is perhaps more widely known as “El Cid Campeador”, (El Cid, from Arabic meaning The Lord, or Master, and Campeador meaning The Champion, an honorable title rarely given to a man during his lifetime). He served as a mercenary for both Christian and Muslim kingdoms.

Once he became a knight, Rodrigo soon distinguished himself in such a manner that he was appointed to be the commander of the Castilian army under King Sancho II. Rodrigo proved himself in several battles in which the Castilian army was always victorious under his capable leadership, and it was during this time that he earned the title El Cid, as well as the honorific title of Campeador.

When El  Cid was eventually exiled for a falling out with the succeeding king, he offered his services to the Muslim dynasty that ruled Zaragoza and with which he had first made contact in 1065. The king of Zaragoza, in northeastern Spain, al-Muʿtamin, welcomed the chance of having his vulnerable kingdom defended by so prestigious a Christian warrior. The Cid now loyally served al-Muʿtamin and his successor, al-Mustaʿīn II, for nearly a decade. As a result of his experience he gained that understanding of the complexities of Hispano-Arabic politics and of Islamic law and custom that would later help him to conquer and hold Valencia.

El Cid’s first step was to eliminate the influence of the counts of Barcelona in that area. This was done when Berenguer Ramón II was humiliatingly defeated at Tébar, near Teruel (May 1090). During the next years El Cid gradually tightened his control over Valencia and its ruler, al-Qādir, now his tributary. His moment of destiny came in October 1092 when the qāḍī (chief magistrate), Ibn Jaḥḥāf, with Almoravid political support rebelled and killed al-Qādir. El Cid responded by closely besieging the rebel city. The siege lasted for many months; an Almoravid attempt to break it failed miserably (December 1093). In May 1094 Ibn Jaḥḥāf at last surrendered, and El Cid finally entered Valencia as its conqueror. To facilitate his takeover he characteristically first made a pact with Ibn Jaḥḥāf that led the latter to believe that his acts of rebellion and regicide were forgiven; but when the pact had served its purpose, El Cid arrested the former qāḍī and ordered him to be burnt alive. El Cid now ruled Valencia directly, himself acting as chief magistrate of the Muslims as well as the Christians.

 Soon after El Cid's death Valencia was besieged by the Almoravids, and Alfonso VI had to intervene in person to save it. But the king rightly judged the place indefensible unless he diverted there permanently large numbers of troops urgently needed to defend the Christian heartlands against the invaders. He evacuated the city and then ordered it to be burned. On May 5, 1102, the Almoravids occupied Valencia, which was to remain in Muslim hands until 1238.

Source: Britannica

PostNord Sverige 100th Birth Anniversary of Raoul Wallenberg

SWEDEN POST (PostNord Sverige) on 10 May 2012 issued a first day cover minisheet that honored Raoul Wallenberg on the 100th anniversary of his birth.

The stamp included two portrait photographs of Raoul Wallenberg from different periods of his life. The stamp was part of a minisheet that also includes a view of Budapest, one of the protective passports issued at the end of the war by the Swedish Legation in the Hungarian capital and Raoul Wallenberg’s signature.

The designer was Gustav Mårtensson, the engraver was Lars Sjööblom and the stamp was printed in a combination of recess and offset at Sweden Post’s stamp printing works in Kista. The denomination was SEK 12, International letters and greetings.

This was the second time that Sweden Post  issued a stamp depicting Raoul Wallenberg. In 1987, he was celebrated together with Dag Hammarskjöld and Folke Bernadotte in the In the Service of Humanity issue. Additionally, the United States, Canada, Australia, Hungary and Israel have issued commemorative stamps of Wallenberg.

Raoul Wallenberg (1912 - 1947?) was a Swedish architect, businessman, diplomat, and humanitarian. He is widely recognised for having saved thousands of Jews in German-occupied Hungary during the Holocaust from German Nazis and Hungarian Arrow Cross perpetrators during the later stages of World War II. As an envoy to the Swedish Embassy in Hungary, he issued protective passports and sheltered Jews in buildings designated as Swedish territory, thus saving thousands of lives.

On 17 January 1945, during the Siege of Budapest by the Red Army, Wallenberg was detained by SMERSH on suspicion of espionage and subsequently disappeared. He was later reported to have died on 17 July 1947 while imprisoned in the Lubyanka, the prison at the headquarters of the KGB secret police in Moscow. The motives behind Wallenberg's arrest and imprisonment by the Soviet government, along with questions surrounding the circumstances of his death and his ties to U.S. intelligence, remained mysterious and were the subject of continued speculation.

In May 1996, the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) released thousands of previously classified documents regarding Raoul Wallenberg, in response to requests filed under the Freedom of Information Act. The documents, along with an investigation conducted by the news magazine U.S. News and World Report, appeared to confirm the long-held suspicion that Wallenberg was an American intelligence asset during his time in Hungary.

His humanitarian role has been honoured in many ways and continues to be so. He was the second person to be granted honorary citizenship of the United States of America (after Winston Churchill), and the first one to be granted this right posthumously. He was also granted honorary citizenships in Canada, Australia, Hungary, and Israel.

Source: Wikipedia and Kofi Annan Foundation

USPS Popular American Singers Series

USPS on 1 September 1994 continued with the Legends of American Music series, honoring five popular American singers. The featured performers, each featured separately on 29 cent stamps, were Nat "King" Cole, Ethel Merman, Bing Crosby, Al Jolson and Ethel Waters. Postmark cancellation was in Washington D.C.

Al Jolson
Born Asa Yoelson in Srednike, Lithuania, Al Jolson emigrated with his family to the United States when he was seven. The family settled in Washington D.C., where his father, a rabbi and cantor, hoped his son would follow in his footsteps. But religious music was not for Jolson, who began appearing in burlesque and vaudeville shows at age 13.

His exuberant singing style and personal magnetism made him a favorite with audiences and in 1911 he made his Broadway debut in La Belle Paree. It was during the production of Sinbad in 1918 that he made the Gershwin tune “Swanee” his trademark number. Other Jolson classics include “My Mammy,” “California, Here I Come,” “April Showers,” and “Toot, Toot, Tootsie.”

In 1927, the “king of pop” made film history when he starred in The Jazz Singer. The first feature film with synchronized speech, music, and sound effects, this picture revolutionized the motion picture industry and marked the end of the silent film era. Throughout the 1920s and ’30s Jolson continued to appear in films, and in 1946 the story of his life was filmed in The Jolson Story. A sequel, Jolson Sings Again, was filmed in 1949.
 
Bing Crosby
Born Harry Lillis Crosby in Spokane, Washington, “Bing” Crosby, as he came to be known, got his nickname from a character in the Bingville Bugle, a comic in the Sunday paper. Beginning his career as a jazz singer, he went on to become the most popular entertainer of his day.

Called “the greatest entertainer of the 20th century,” Crosby made more non-rock recordings and placed more songs in the “Top Ten” than any other individual singer. His career as an entertainer spanned more than 50 years, during which time he recorded over 1,600 songs and sold more than 500 million records. His recording of “White Christmas” remains the biggest selling record in history and has become, since it was first recorded, a symbol of Christmas. 

Crosby’s charms extended from stage to screen, and in 1927 he appeared in the film King of Jazz. He went on to make more than 70 films – mostly musicals and romantic comedies. In 1940, he co-starred with Bob Hope and Dorothy Lamour in the highly successful Road to Singapore. Five other “Road” films followed to: Zanzibar, Morocco, Utopia, Rio, and Bali. In 1944, Crosby won an Academy Award for his portrayal of Father O’Malley in the movie Going My Way.
 
Ethel Waters
As a singer, dancer, and actress, Ethel Waters exercised her musical creativity and dramatic expression to gain prominence on the stage and in films. Billed as “Baby Star,” she made her first performance when she was five, in a children’s church program.

At age 17, she began her professional career performing song and dance routines on vaudeville. For her debut she sang W.C. Handy’s classic “St. Louis Blues,” becoming the first woman to sing the song professionally. Billed as “Sweet Mama Stringbean,” she became an overnight success with her low, sweet style of singing the blues.

In 1927, Waters made her Broadway debut in the all-black production Africana, and three years later firmly established her acting career when she starred in Blackbirds. But it was her sensitive performance in Cabin in the Sky (1940) that won her critical acclaim as a dramatic actress. She went on to star in the Hollywood film version of the play, and later appeared in Pinky (1949) and Member of the Wedding (1953).

Called “The Mother of Modern Popular Singing,” Waters spent the last 15 years of her life singing at the Billy Graham Crusades, during which time she made famous the song “His Eye is on the Sparrow.”
 
Nat “King” Cole
Described as “one of the greatest singers of the century,” Nat “King” Cole is best remembered for his satiny-smooth voice, although he originally began his career as a jazz pianist. In fact, his style of using the piano as a solo, rather than a rhythm instrument inspired other pianists to form similar groups and is an influence still felt in the jazz world today.

 The organist at his father’s church, he began playing at jazz clubs and later formed the popular King Cole Trio – one of the first black groups to have their own radio show. In 1943, his recording of “Straighten up and Fly Right” won him fame as a singer, and although he would continue to perform as a jazz musician, his image as a singer would dominate the rest of his career. By the early 1950s, Cole’s music turned to pop with “Walking My Baby Back Home,” “It’s Only a Paper Moon,” and “For Sentimental Reasons.”

Riding on the success of what is considered his best remembered hit “When I Fall in Love,” Cole broke color barriers and made musical history when he was given his own musical TV series. Popular for more than two decades, other successes such as “Mona Lisa” and “Unforgettable,” helped him attain lasting acceptance by audiences throughout the world.
 
Ethel Merman
Born in Astoria, New York, Ethel Zimmermann eventually dropped the “Zim” and the final “n” from her name, to become Ethel Merman. A self-taught singer who was described as “a doll from Astoria with a trumpet in her throat,” she worked as a secretary and part-time performer until she received her big break into show business.

In 1930, her performance in George Gershwin’s musical Girl Crazy catapulted her overnight from an obscure nightclub singer to a superstar of Broadway.   Known as the “Queen of Broadway,” her dazzling career lasted more than 50 years. With her clear, sharp, vibrant voice and spontaneous presentations, she was a favored performer for many of the major songwriters of the day, including Irving Berlin, Cole Porter, and Rodgers and Hammerstein.

In 1934 she made her movie debut. However, she continued to dominate the spotlights of Broadway where she achieved her most notable success in Anything Goes (1934), Red, Hot, and Blue (1936), Annie Get Your Gun (1946), Call Me Madam (1950), and Gypsy (1959). In 1972, Merman was awarded a special Tony Award in recognition of her lifetime contribution to show business.

 

Source: Mystic Stamps